The modern development of physiotherapy as a branch of professional health care began to take shape in the last few decades of the nineteenth century. Earlier physical treatments — in particular hydrotherapy, exercise, and massage — in Europe have their roots in antiquity and the baths and gymnasia of ancient Greece and Rome. In this sense physiotherapy drew upon varying themes of physical health stretching back into the mists of time, but the late-nineteenth-century advent of modern scientific medicine and related new skills had a particular impact. Lay practitioners of ancient skills such as bone setting, herbalism, and a range of physical therapies lost place to a medical profession fortified by accumulating scientific techniques of diagnosis and safer interventions. New ancillary occupations, such as radiography and laboratory science, were developing, thus expanding the division of labour beyond that of doctors and nurses, through a process of specialization that continues to the present day.
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